Technical Details: How the City Homicide Rates Were Adjusted
The statistical model used to estimate adjusted homicide rates for
the 65 US cities with populations greater than 250,000 was specified as
follows:
Homrate = a + b1(Disadvan)
+ b2(Pop) + b3(Same Res) + b4(Divrate),
where
Homrate = Homicides per
100,000 city residents (natural log)
Disadvan = A factor representing the
level of social and economic disadvantage that combines five highly intercorrelated variables (factor loadings in parentheses): the poverty
rate (.934), male unemployment rate (.888), % black (.839), %
female-headed families w/own children under 18 (.928), and median family
income (-.862)
Pop = City population in 2000 Census (natural log)
Same Res = % persons living in same residence 5 or
more years
Divrate = % persons age 15 and
over divorced
The data are from the FBI’s 2005 Uniform Crime Report and the 2000
census.
The model was estimated using ordinary least squares on the 2003-2004
average homicide rates for the 67 cities. The parameter estimates from
this model were then applied to the 2005 homicide rates. The model
explains about 67% of the variation in homicide rates across the cities.
The estimation results are as follows:
The residuals from this model (the observed homicide rates minus the
homicide rates predicted by the model) represent that component of each
city’s homicide rate that is not explained by the variables in the
model. The adjusted homicide rankings are based on the standardized
residuals from the model.
See
Table-1
for a list of the 65 cities arrayed by the unadjusted and by the adjusted rankings;
see Table-2
for an alphabetical listing of the cities.